quifer Storage Recovery (ASR) is the storage of water in a well during times when water is available, and recovery of the water from the same well during times when it is needed. ASR provides a cost-effective solution to many of the world’s water management needs, storing water during times of flood or when water quality is good, and recovering it later during emergencies or times of water shortage, or when water quality from the source may be poor. Large water volumes are stored deep underground, reducing or eliminating the need to construct large and expensive surface reservoirs. In many cases, the storage zones are aquifers that have experienced long-term declines in water levels due to heavy pumping to meet increasing urban and agricultural water needs. Groundwater levels can then be restored if adequate water is recharged.

he main driving force behind the current rapid implementation of ASR technology around the world is water supply economics. ASR systems can usually meet water management needs at less than half the capital cost of other water supply alternatives. When compared to alternatives requiring construction of water treatment plants and surface reservoirs to meet increasing peak demands, potential cost savings have been known to exceed 90%. A second important driving force has been the increased recognition of this technology as being good for the environment, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. By reducing or eliminating the need for construction of dams, and by providing reliable water supplies through diversions of flood flows instead of low flows, ASR systems are usually considered to be environmentally friendly.
torage zones range in depth from as shallow as about 75 m (200 f.) to as deep as 900 m (2,700 ft). Groundwater levels in the storage zones range from as much as 10 m (30 ft) above land surface to more than 300 m (900 f.) below land surface. Natural water quality in the storage zone ranges from fresh, suitable for drinking without treatment, to brackish, including total dissolved solids concentrations up to about 5000 mg/l. Most sites have one or more natural water quality constituents that are unsuitable for direct potable use except following treatment. Such constituents may include iron, manganese, fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, chloride, radium (224/226 /228), gross alpha radioactivity, and other elements which are typically displaced by the stored water as the "bubble" is formed underground. At one site, not currently in operation, ASR was shown to be feasible and highly cost-effective, storing drinking water in an aquifer containing seawater. For most of these sites, it is first necessary to properly develop the storage zone around the well, after which it is possible to recover the same volume as that stored. At a few more challenging sites, water quality, hydraulic or geochemical constraints may limit recovery to somewhat less than the volume stored.

ater is stored deep underground in water-bearing geologic formations, or "aquifers," that may be in sand, clayey sand, sandstone, gravel, limestone, dolomite, glacial drift, basalt and other types of geologic settings. Stored water displaces the water naturally present in the aquifer, creating a very large bubble around the well. The bubble is usually confined by overlying and underlying geologic formations that do not produce water. However, at several sites, the aquifer is unconfined. Storage volumes in these bubbles range from as small as about 50 Ml (13 million gallons) in individual ASR wells, to as much as 10,000 Ml (2.5 BG) or more in large ASR wellfields.
ASR Applications

ost ASR systems provide seasonal water storage, storing water during the wet season and recovering it during the following dry season. Many also use ASR for water banking, storing water during wet years and recovering it years later during extended droughts. Increasingly, many water managers are constructing ASR systems to ensure reliability during emergencies, whether severe floods, earthquakes, contamination incidents, pipeline breaks, or potential damage due to warfare or sabotage. Increasingly, ASR is being considered for development of Strategic Water Reserves to provide water supply security from terrorism or warfare. Actually, there are at least 22 ASR applications, and others will undoubtedly follow.
ost operating ASR sites are storing treated drinking water. When recovered from storage, this water usually requires only disinfection before being sent out to the water distribution system. In recent years other applications of ASR technology have also begun.

n the Tampa Bay area of Florida, which is an area with tremendous growth in water demand and limited
available supplies, treated wastewater is reclaimed and piped to golf courses, parks, gardens and other areas requiring irrigation to reduce the demand for potable water. When the rains begin and irrigation demand ceases, reclaimed water is stored in ASR wells in deep brackish aquifers, from which it is recovered when needed to meet irrigation demands during dry periods. Reclaimed water ASR is therefore beginning to be a booming application of the ASR technology.
everal sites are storing untreated groundwater pumped from overlying or underlying aquifers, or from well fields located at great distances from the ASR site. When needed, this water is recovered from the storage zone and combined with whatever flows are then available from the primary water sources, to help meet peak or emergency water demands. In coastal areas subject to salt water intrusion, or other areas subject to contamination or overpumping, ASR is being used to achieve the full water supply benefits of local aquifers, which are then used for water storage more than for water production. Groundwater ASR is increasingly viewed as a desirable application of ASR technology.

he newest ASR application is for storage of partially treated surface water. Prior to recharge, water is treated sufficiently to ensure that the aquifer does not plug with particulates or organic material, and to ensure that the aquifer is not contaminated. Generally, it is anticipated that the level of treatment will be less than that required for production of drinking water. Stored water is recovered to help meet peak demands for supplemental untreated water, whether for urban needs, ecosystem protection, low streamflow maintenance, agricultural irrigation, industrial water requirements, power plant cooling make-up water, or other needs. SR is a unique technology, different than for production wells or injection wells. Understanding ASR technology ensures success in almost all situations, whereas misunderstanding the unique aspects of this technology can lead to failure, lost investment and disappointment.

or anyone who may be interested, I coined the term "aquifer storage recovery" in 1983, when the first ASR system at Manatee County, Florida, began successful operation. Development of this system had been underway since 1978. Manatee County is completing construction of its third phase of ASR expansion to include four wells with a combined nominal capacity of 38 Ml/D (10 MGD).

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